Operation Thunderbolt
Part of theArab–Israeli conflictand theCold War
Israeli commandos with aMercedes-Benz 600resembling the one owned by Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin, used bySayeret Matkalto deceive Ugandan troops during the raid.[1]
Date 4July 1976; 47 years ago Location Entebbe International Airport, Uganda 0°02′43″N32°27′13″E Result Israeli victory 102 of 106 hostages rescued[2] ~25% of Ugandas military aircraft destroyed[3]
Belligerents
Israel Supported by: Kenya	PFLP–EO Revolutionary Cells Uganda
Commanders and leaders
Dan Shomron Yekutiel Adam Benny Peled Yonatan Netanyahu†	Wadie Haddad Wilfried Böse† Idi Amin
Strength
c. 100Israeli commandos (plus aerial crew and support personnel)	7 hijackers: 5 Palestinians, 2 Germans 100+ Ugandan soldiers
Casualties and losses
1 killed (Y. Netanyahu) 5 wounded	7 hijackers killed 45 soldiers killed[4] 11–30 Ugandan aircraft destroyed[5]
4 hostages killed (incl.Dora Bloch)[6][7] 10 hostages wounded

Benghazi

Tel Aviv

Entebbe

Athens

class=notpageimage|

Sites associated with Operation Entebbe

TheEntebbe raidorOperation Entebbe, officially codenamedOperation Thunderbolt(retroactively codenamedOperation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission inUganda. It was launched in response to the Palestinian-led hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight (anAirbus A300) operated byAir Francebetween the cities ofTel AvivandParis. During a stopover inAthens, the aircraft was hijacked by two PalestinianPFLP–EOterrorists and two GermanRZterrorists,^{[8]who diverted the flight toLibyaand then to Uganda, where they landed atEntebbe International Airportto be joined by other terrorists. Once in Uganda, the group enjoyed support from Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin.[9]}

Having hijacked the flight of 248 passengers on 27 June 1976, the terrorists took hostages with the stated objective of compelling the release of 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel as well as the release of 13 prisoners in four other countries.^{[10]Over 100 Ugandan soldiers were deployed to support the hijackers after the flight landed, and Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning,[11]had personally welcomed the terrorists at Entebbe.[12]After moving all of the hostages to a defunct airport, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-IsraeliJewsfrom the larger group of passengers, subsequently moving them into a separate room.[13][14][15]Over the next two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris.[14][15][16]The 94 remaining passengers, most of whom were Israelis, and the 12-member Air France crew continued to be held as hostages.[17][18]}

Representatives within the Israeli government initially debated over whether to concede or respond by force, as the hijackers had threatened to kill the 106 captives if the specified prisoners were not released. Acting on intelligence provided byMossad, the decision was made to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation.^{[19]The Israeli plans included preparation for an armed confrontation with AminsUganda Army.[20]}

Initiating the operation at nightfall on 4 July 1976, Israeli transport planes flew 100 commandos over 4,000 kilometres (2,500mi) to Uganda for the rescue effort. Over the course of 90 minutes, 102 of the hostages were rescued successfully, with three having been killed. One of the dead hostages,Dora Bloch, had been murdered by Ugandan authorities at a hospital inKampalashortly after the Israeli rescue operation; she had fallen ill during the hijacking and was removed from the plane for treatment prior to the commandos arrival. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed;Yonatan Netanyahuwas Israels sole fatality of Operation Entebbe, and had ledSayeret Matkalduring the rescue effort – he was the older brother ofBenjamin Netanyahu, who would later become Israels prime minister.^{[21]The Israeli commandos killed all of the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers, and eleven of Ugandas[6][7]MiG-17sandMiG-21swere destroyed.[5]Over the course of the operation in Uganda, Israel received support from neighbouringKenya. Idi Amin subsequently issued orders for the Ugandan military to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda,[22]leading to the deaths of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3,000 Kenyans from Uganda.[23]}

Hijacking

Air France Flight 139

TheAir FranceAirbus A300involved, atCharles de Gaulle Airportin 1980
Hijacking
Date	27 June 1976
Summary	Hijacking
Site	Greek airspace
Aircraft
Aircrafttype	Airbus A300B4-203
Operator	Air France
Registration	F-BVGG
Flight origin	Ben Gurion Intl Airport, Israel
Stopover	Athens (Ellinikon) Intl Airport, Greece
Destination	Charles De Gaulle Intl Airport, France
Occupants	260
Passengers	248
Crew	12
Fatalities	4
Injuries	10
Survivors	256

On 27 June 1976, Air France Flight 139, anAirbus A300B4-203,registrationF-BVGG (c/n 019), departed fromTel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainlyJewishandIsraelipassengers and a crew of 12.^{[24][25]The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers.[26][nb 1]It departed for Paris at 12:30pm. Just after takeoff, the flight washijackedby twoPalestiniansfrom thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations(PFLP-EO), and by two Germans,Wilfried BöseandBrigitte Kuhlmann, from the GermanRevolutionary Cells. The hijackers diverted the flight toBenghazi, Libya.[27]There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have amiscarriage.[19][28]The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flights original departure, it arrived atEntebbe Airportin Uganda.[27]}

Situation at Ugandas Entebbe International Airport

At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Ugandas president,Idi Amin.^{[29]The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations.[24]}

On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands: In addition to a ransom of US$5million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel.^{[30]They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976.[31]}

Separation of Jewish hostages and non-Jewish hostages

On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages^{[nb 2]and told them to move to the adjoining room.[33]As they did so, aHolocaustsurvivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse acamp registration number tattooedon his arm. Böse protested "Im no Nazi!... I am an idealist".[38]In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples[24]from the US and Belgium[8]and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group.[35]According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities.[35]On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages.[37]US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli),[39][40]and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice.[41]}

Release of most non-Israeli hostages

On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day.^{[42]On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave,[43]about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people.[2][9][27][44]}

Israeli response

Diplomatic efforts

In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that theIsraeli cabinetwas prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success.^{[45][46]The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian presidentAnwar Sadat, asking him to request that Amin release the hostages.[47]Prime ministerYitzhak Rabinand defence ministerShimon Peresspent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers demands (Rabins position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres position).[48]}

At the 1 July deadline,^{[49]the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip toPort Louis, Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of theOrganisation of African UnitytoSeewoosagur Ramgoolam.[50]This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe.[26]}

On 3 July, at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission,^{[51]presented byMajor GeneralYekutiel Adamand Brigadier GeneralDan Shomron. Shomron was appointed as the operation commander.[52]}

Egyptian–PLO involvement and failure of diplomacy

As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government.^{[53][54]PLO chairmanYasser Arafatsent his political aideHani al-Hassanto Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin.[8]However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him.[55]}

Israels military preparations

When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col.Joshua Shani, lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos intoLake Victoria. The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by theNile crocodile.^[56]

Amnon Biran, the missions intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.^[48]

Aircraft refuelling

While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel theLockheed C-130 Herculesaircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity toaerially refuelfour to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While severalEast Africannations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.^{[citation needed]}

The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is todayJomo Kenyatta International Airport. KenyanMinister of AgricultureBruce MacKenziepersuaded Kenyan PresidentJomo Kenyattato permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow theIsraeli Air Forceaccess to the Nairobi airport.^{[57]MacKenzies support for the operation came afterSir Maurice Oldfield, the then head ofBritainsMI6intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time.[58]The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community inNairobi, may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenyas President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel.[59]}

Ugandas Ambassador toLesotho,Isaac Lumago,^{[60]overheard some of the details of the operation fromKenya Air Forceofficers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commanderIsaac Maliyamungu. Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence,[61]allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish).[62]According to Amins son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumagos warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda.[60]An ex-agent of Ugandas intelligence service, theState Research Bureau, also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that theUganda Armyshould not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid.[63]}

Mossad intelligence

Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris.^{[64]Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted withSolel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.[65]While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.[citation needed]}

IDF majorMuki Betserlater remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers.^[66]

Task force

The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements:^[52]

Ground command and control

This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander,Brigadier General Dan Shomron, the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel.

Assault

A 29-man assault unit led by Lt. Col.Yonatan Netanyahu– this force was composed entirely of commandos fromSayeret Matkal, and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the elements assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed.

Securers

1. TheParatroopersforce led byCol. Matan Vilnai– tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe.
2. TheGolaniforce led byCol. Uri Sagi– tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves.
3. TheSayeret Matkalforce led byMajor Shaul Mofaz– tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron ofMiGfighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by theUganda Army Air Force; also with holding off hostileground forcesfrom the city of Entebbe.

Raid

Attack route

Taking off fromSharm el-Sheikh,^{[67]the task force flew along the international flight path over theRed Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30m (100ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west ofDjibouti. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through theAfrican Rift Valleyand overLake Victoria.[68][69]}

TwoBoeing 707jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.^[52]

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00IST, with theircargo baydoors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch.^{[48]A blackMercedescar that looked like President Idi Amins vehicle andLand Roversthat usually accompanied Amins Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin.[20][70]As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop.[71]The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols.[20]This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage.[48]An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle.[20]Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.[70]}

Hostage rescue

The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in bothHebrewand English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him.^{[27]Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos.[72]In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who hademigrated to Israel, was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.[73]}

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed hisKalashnikovrifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.^[8]

At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers.^{[74]The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airports main hall, into which the commandos threw severalhand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault.[26]Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloadedarmoured personnel carriersto provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.[26]}

Departure

After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from theairport control tower. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and arocket-propelled grenadeback at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans fire. According to one of Idi Amins sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed in the return fire.^{[60]The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahus body into one of the planes, and left the airport.[75]The entire operation lasted 53minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30minutes. All seven hijackers present, and between 33 and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed.[26][need quotation to verify]Eleven[7]Soviet-builtMiG-17andMiG-21fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport.[5][29]Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-oldDora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.[21]}

Ugandan reaction

Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike.^{[63]Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol.[76]Uganda Army Chief of StaffMustafa Adrisireportedly wanted to incarcerate or executeGodwin Sule, the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisis demands, Sules closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.[77]}

Murder of Dora Bloch

Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken toMulago HospitalinKampalaafter choking on a chicken bone.^{[78]After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene.[27][nb 3][80]In April 1987,Henry Kyemba, UgandasAttorney generalandMinister of Justiceat the time, told theUganda Human Rights Commissionthat Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amins orders.[81]Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20miles (32km) east of Kampala in 1979,[82]after theUganda–Tanzania Warended Amins rule.[79]}

Idi Amins anti-Kenyan crackdown

Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenyas assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3,000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.^[23][83][84]

On May 24, 1978, Kenyas agriculture minister, Bruce MacKenzie, was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenyas involvement and MacKenzies actions prior to the raid.^{[57][85][86][87]Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target.[88][89]Later, Mossad Chief DirectorMeir Amithad a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzies name.[57]}

Aftermath and reactions

United Nations

TheUnited Nations Security Councilconvened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression".^{[90]The Council allowed Israels ambassador to the United Nations,Chaim Herzog, and Ugandas foreign minister,Juma Oris Abdalla, to participate without voting rights.[90]UN Secretary GeneralKurt Waldheimtold the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism."[90]Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking.[90]The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation.[91]However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent.[92]A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote.[92][93]}

Western Bloc

Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of theUnited States Declaration of Independence.^{[94][95][96]In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz,Henry Kissingersounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time.[97]In mid-July 1976, the supercarrierUSSRangerand her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda.[98]}

The hijacked aircrafts pilot, CaptainMichel Bacos, was awarded theLegion of Honour, and the other crew members were awarded theFrench Order of Merit.^{[99][100][101][102]}

In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers –IddoandBenjamin, all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatans death and partial loss of tactical surprise.^[103][104]

As a result of the operation, the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue.^{[105]One notable attempt wasOperation Eagle Claw, a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during theIran hostage crisis.[106][107]}

In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commanders Staff of theImperial Iranian Armed Forcespraised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu.^[108]

F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France.^{[109]In April 1996, the aircraft was leased toVietnam Airlinesfor three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S-C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered toMNG Airlinesand re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.[110][111]}

Palestinian bombing of Kenyas Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi

The Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member ofthe local Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenyas supporting role in Operation Entebbe.^{[112][113][114]}

Commemorations

In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity".^{[115]In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal IndustryBright Rwamiramaand the deputyForeign Affairs Minister of IsraelDaniel Ayalon, who laid wreaths at the site.[115]Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations.[116]}

In popular culture

Documentaries

• Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe, a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission.^[117]
• Rise and Fall of Idi Amin(1980), abiopicof the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid, with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it.^[118]
• Rescue at Entebbe, Episode 12 of 2005 documentary seriesAgainst All Odds: Israel Survivesby Michael Greenspan.^[119]
• Cohen on the Bridge(2010), a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib, who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages.^[120]
• Live or Die in Entebbe(2012) by directorEyal Boersfollows Yonatan Khayats journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean-Jacques Maimonis death in the raid.^[121]
• "Assault on Entebbe", an episode of theNational Geographic ChanneldocumentaryCritical Situation.^[122]
• Operation Thunderbolt, the fifth episode in the 2012Military Channeldocumentary seriesBlack Ops.^[123]

Dramatizations

• Victory at Entebbe(1976): withAnthony Hopkins,Burt Lancaster,Elizabeth TaylorandRichard Dreyfuss, Director:Marvin J. Chomsky.^[124]
• Raid on Entebbe(1977): withPeter Finch,Horst Buchholz,Charles Bronson,John Saxon,Yaphet Kotto, andJames Woods, Director:Irvin Kershner, Producer:Edgar J. Scherick.^[124]
• Operation Thunderbolt(1977): withYehoram Gaonplayed Col. Netanyahu,Sybil DanningandKlaus Kinskiplayed the hijackers. Director:Menahem Golan.^[124]
• The Last King of Scotland(2006): The raid occurs as one episode in a longer story about Idi Amin.^[124]
• Entebbe(2018): Director:José Padilha.^[124]

Films inspired by Operation Entebbe

• The Delta Force(1986) which featured a hostage rescue operation inspired by Operation Entebbe.^[125]
• Zameen(2003) is aBollywoodmovie starringAjay DevganandAbhishek Bachchanwho draw a plan to rescue hostages of an Indian airliner hijacked by Pakistani militants on the basis of Operation Entebbe.^[126]

Other media

• Operation Thunderbolt,a 1988arcade game, loosely based on Operation Entebbe, but using a fictional location.^[127]
• To Pay the Price, a 2009 play byPeter-Adrian Cohenbased in part on Yonatan Netanyahus letters.^{[128]The play, produced byNorth Carolinas Theatre Or opened off-off Broadway in New York in June 2009 during theFestival of Jewish Theater and Ideas.[129]}

Gallery

• 

  The old control tower as seen from the front

• 

  Close up of the control tower